The first centuries of Judaism were defined by survival. The Jews built a civilization around a Temple, priests, sacrifice, and a covenant with God. Then, in 70 CE, the Romans destroyed the Second Temple.
Most civilizations would have disappeared. Instead, Judaism reinvented itself. Deprived of a physical temple, the Jews made the human mind their portable sanctuary.
Turning inward, study replaced sacrifice. Inquiry replaced certainty. Learning became worship. For nearly two thousand years, Jews maintained their civilization not in stone buildings, but in memory, books, and conversation.
In 1948, Jews reestablished sovereignty in their ancestral homeland and went on to build one of the world’s most innovative and resilient societies. Having become masters of adaptation, many began asking a different question: how do we live well?..
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